The Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance between Motivation and Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Emotional Intelligence of Mystery Shopping Professionals

Authors

Dr. Anand Shankar Raja Manivannan  View ORCID Profile 1
CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka – India 1
“crossref”/
Views: 2942  
Downloads: 1527  

Main Article Content

Abstract

Purpose- Enhancing job satisfaction through motivation and Work-Life Balance (WLB) and checking the overall impact on Emotional Intelligence of mystery shopping professionals is the aim of this research. The work depends on factors such as sudden demand, high workload, on-time submission of assignments, a new area for exploration and fluctuation in pay scale.


Design- The data were collected from mystery shopping professionals through social media platform using a questionnaire link (N=338). The sampling technique employed in this study was a convenient sampling technique. CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) using AMOS software was performed. The questionnaire instrument SSREI, GJSS, WEIMS and (Tasdelen’s WLB) were adopted for this study.


Findings- The study revealed that motivation has a positive impact on Work-life balance and intern enhances the job satisfaction of mystery shoppers. However, the overall impact on EI is negative. The Goodness of Fit Index such as (AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, RMSEA, RMR, and AVE) indicates a good fit of the Structural Equation Model.


Originality/Value: The study reflected on the four essential concepts, which has evolved in the domain of HRM and OB for many years. In the context of mystery-shopping professional, it has been used and the recommendations will help the market research agencies and the mystery shoppers. Exploring Work-Life Balance (WLB) as a mediating variable between motivation and Job satisfaction and the overall impact on EI of mystery shopping professionals is a new insight.

Article Details

Manivannan, A. S. R. . (2019). The Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance between Motivation and Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Emotional Intelligence of Mystery Shopping Professionals. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(4), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i4.160
Research Articles

Copyright (c) 2019 Dr. Anand Shankar Raja Manivannan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Adil, M. S., & Ab Hamid, K. B. (2019). The Relationships between Leader Creativity Expectations, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Performance. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(2), 58-68. doi:10.33215/sjom.v2i2.123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i2.123 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Albertsen, K., Rafnsdóttir, G. L., Grimsmo, A., Tómasson, K., & Kauppinen, K. (2008). Workhours and worklife balance. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Supplement.

Allison, P. B. (2009). Mystery shopper motivations and the presence of motivation crowding. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.

Anand Shankar Raja, M., & Preethi Sarah, J. P. (2018). Social media marketing and ghost shopping approach; a new business tool. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(1).

Anand, S. R. M., & Anand, R. B. (2018). Influence of Demographic Constructs on Motivation and Job Satisfaction among Mystery Shoppers. International Journal of Management Studies. doi:10.18843/ijms/v5i3(3)/02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(3)/02 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Anari, N. N. (2012). Teachers: Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning. doi:10.1108/13665621211223379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621211223379 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Angayarkanni, R., & Anand Shankar Raja, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence an essential cause for mystery shoppers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 35(2).

Angayarkanni, R., & Anand Shankar Raja, M. (2016). A study on the logical relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and motivation among mystery shoppers: A pilot study analysis. International Business Management, 10(6). doi:10.3923/ibm.2016.818.826

Angerer, J. M. (2003). Job burnout. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2003.tb00860.x

Bacon, L. D. (1997). Using Amos for structural equation modeling in market research.

Banu, A. R., & Duraipandian, K. (2014). DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE WORK LIFE BALANCE OF IT PROFESSIONALS IN CHENNAI. International Journal of Management.

Barnett, V., Neter, J., & Wasserman, W. (2006). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). doi:10.2307/2984653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2984653 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Baruch, Y. (2006). Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints. Human Resource Management Review. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.002 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2002). Self-confidence and personal motivation. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193913 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Bentler, P. M., & Weeks, D. G. (1980). Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika. doi:10.1007/BF02293905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293905 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Berman, E. L. (2002). Work/life balance. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2002.1167291 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Blunch, N. J. (2017). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. In.

Boker, S. M., & McArdle, J. J. (2014). Path Analysis and Path Diagrams. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat06517 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135239 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Bollen, K. A., Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Structural Equation Models. In. CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, second edition. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Calvert, P. (2005). It's a mystery. Mystery shopping in New Zealand's public libraries. Library Review. doi:10.1108/00242530510574138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00242530510574138 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, L. (1949). Hypothesis. Educational Forum. doi:10.1080/00131724909341985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131724909341985 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life 'balance' in Europe. Acta Sociologica. doi:10.1177/0001699306071680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). About Alpha of Cronbach. Psychometrika.

Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The Robustness of Test Statistics to Nonnormality and Specification Error in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16-29. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Self-Determination Theory. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26036-4 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Delgado-Rodríguez, M., & Sillero-Arenas, M. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina Intensiva. doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Dillon, W. R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (2006). Testing Structural Equation Models. Journal of Marketing Research. doi:10.2307/3152134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3152134 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin. doi:10.1037/h0036316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ford, R. C., Latham, G. P., & Lennox, G. (2011). Mystery shoppers: A new tool for coaching employee performance improvement. Organizational Dynamics. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.04.002 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. In. CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Fullagar, C. J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009). 'Flow' at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. doi:10.1348/096317908X357903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X357903 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior. doi:10.1002/job.322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Gignac, G. E., Palmer, B. R., Manocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). An examination of the factor structure of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) scale via confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1029-1042. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.014 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Golden, R. M. (2015). Statistical Pattern Recognition. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.43093-X CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein, D. S., & Kopin, I. J. (2007). Evolution of concepts of stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701288935 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Gong, X., & Paulson, S. E. (2018). Validation of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale With American College Students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. doi:10.1177/0734282916669245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916669245 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Harrison, F. (2011). Getting started with meta-analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00056.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00056.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Hebebrand, J. (2010). New functions for multivariate analysis. Obesity facts. doi:10.1159/000323281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000323281 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Helvaci, M. A. (2017). THE WORK-LIFE BALANCE OF ACADEMICS. 7(4), 80-85.

Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-Fit Indices. Sociological Methods & Research. doi:10.1177/0049124183011003003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124183011003003 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ibm (2019). [KMO and Bartlett's Test].

Ibrahim, N. K., Algethmi, W. A., Binshihon, S. M., Almahyawi, R. A., Alahmadi, R. F., & Baabdullah, M. Y. (2017). Predictors and correlations of emotional intelligence among medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. doi:10.12669/pjms.335.13157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.335.13157 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ioannidou, F. (2008). Empathy and emotional intelligence: What is it really about? International Journal of Caring Sciences.

Isabel Izquierdo, J. O., & Francisco José, A. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395-400. doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.349 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Kaiser, M. O. (1974). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure for identity correlation matrix. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.

Keeton, K., Fenner, D. E., Johnson, T. R. B., & Hayward, R. A. (2007). Predictors of physician career satisfaction, work-life balance, and burnout. Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000258299.45979.37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000258299.45979.37 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Keith, T. Z., & Keith, T. Z. (2019). Path Analysis. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162348-13 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Kim, D. H., Wang, C., & Ng, K. M. (2010). A rasch rating scale modeling of the schutte self-report emotional intelligence scale in a sample of international students. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191110376593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110376593 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Kirk, B. A., Schutte, N. S., & Hine, D. W. (2008). Development and preliminary validation of an emotional self-efficacy scale. Personality and Individual Differences. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V., & Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences. American Psychologies. doi:10.1037/a0039210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. doi:10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Krohne, H. W. (2004). Stress and Coping Theories. In.

Latham, G. P., Ford, R. C., & Tzabbar, D. (2012). Enhancing employee and organizational performance through coaching based on mystery shopper feedback: A quasi-experimental study. Human Resource Management. doi:10.1002/hrm.21467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21467 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Lowe, P. (1997). Mystery shoppers [3]. In.

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Macdonald, S., & Maclntyre, P. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly. doi:10.1300/J022v13n02_01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J022v13n02_01 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Malhotra, N. K., & Birks, D. F. (2006). Marketing Research: An Applied Approach.

Malik, M., Wan, D., Dar, L., Akbar, A., & Naseem, M. A. (2014). The role of work life balance in job satisfaction and job benefit. Journal of Applied Business Research. doi:10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8879 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Markus, K. A. (2012). Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. doi:10.1080/10705511.2012.713284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2012.713284 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-Fit Indexes in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: The Effect of Sample Size. Psychological Bulletin. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job urnout. Annual Review of Psycholoy. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. In.

Meadows, J. (2017). Stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315413532-6

Mosch, A., & Fürderer, K. (2012). Mystery Shopping. BankFachklasse inklusive Online Prüfungstraining. doi:10.1365/s35139-011-0067-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1365/s35139-011-0067-4 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Naderi, B., Wechsung, I., Polzehl, T., & Möller, S. (2014, 2014). Development and Validation of Extrinsic Motivation Scale for Crowdsourcing Micro-task Platforms. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2660114.2660122 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Nelson, J. W., Hozak, M. A., Albu, A., & Thiel, L. (2015). Nurse Job Satisfaction Research: A Literature Review, 2006–2011. Virginia Henderson Global Nursing e-Repository, 2006-2011.

Nimon, K. F., & Oswald, F. L. (2013). Understanding the Results of Multiple Linear Regression: Beyond Standardized Regression Coefficients. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428113493929 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Pamela, A., Severt, D., & Dickson, D. (2010). A conceptual model for mystery shopping motivations. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management. doi:10.1080/19368623.2010.493077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2010.493077 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Program, M. S. (2017). Designing a ‘ Smarter ’ Mystery Shopping Program. (June).

Reiss, S. (2012). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628312437704 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Reynaldo, J., & Santos, A. (1999). Cronbach's Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales. Extension Information Technology. CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Rife, S. C., Cate, K. L., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2016). Participant recruitment and data collection through Facebook: the role of personality factors. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. doi:10.1080/13645579.2014.957069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.957069 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (2010). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In.

Ross, J. (2017). You and me: Investigating the role of self-evaluative emotion in preschool prosociality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.001 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ruth Eikhof, D. (2007). Introduction: What work? What life? What balance? Employee Relations. doi:10.1108/er.2007.01929daa.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/er.2007.01929daa.001 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Sa-nga-ngam, P., & Kurniawan, S. (2006). An investigation into older people's browsing activities. PsychNology Journal, 4(3), 245-265.

Sakaluk, J. K., & Short, S. D. (2017). A Methodological Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Sexuality Research: Used Practices, Best Practices, and Data Analysis Resources. Journal of Sex Research, 54(1), 1-9. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., . . . Schreiber, J. B. (2013). Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review. 0671(June), 1-15. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167-177. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Shaffer, J. (2002). Multiple Hypothesis Testing. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.46.1.561 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.46.1.561 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Shmueli, G. (2009). To Explain or To Predict? Retrieved from DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1351252 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Skourdi, S., Rahimi, A., & Bagheri, M. S. (2014). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, and Vocabulary Knowledge among Iranian EFL Learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.607 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Sliter, M., & Yuan, Z. (2015). Workplace Stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22041-2 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Smith, K. T. (2010). Work-life balance perspectives of marketing professionals in generation y. Services Marketing Quarterly. doi:10.1080/15332969.2010.510724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2010.510724 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Steers, R. M., Nardon, L., Sanchez-Runde, C. J., Steers, R. M., Nardon, L., & Sanchez-Runde, C. J. (2013). Managing a global workforce.

Stringer, C., Didham, J., & Theivananthampillai, P. (2011). Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management. doi:10.1108/11766091111137564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111137564 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Work / life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal.

Suhr, D. D., & Ph, D. (1999). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis ? Statistics and Data Analysis, 1-17. doi:10.1002/da.20406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20406

Sullivan, T. A. (2014). Greedy institutions, overwork, and work-life balance. Sociological Inquiry. doi:10.1111/soin.12029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12029 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Sy, T., Tram, S., & O'Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Symonds, M. L., & Russell, W. (2018). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation of Small College Sports Officials. Journal of Sport Behavior.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics.

Taherdoost, H., Shamsul, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis: Concepts and theory. Advances in Applied and Pure Mathematics, 375-382. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Taşdelen-Karçkay, A., & Bakalım, O. (2017). The mediating effect of work–life balance on the relationship between work–family conflict and life satisfaction. Australian Journal of Career Development, 26(1), 3-13. doi:10.1177/1038416216682954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416216682954 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Tobias, S., & Carlson, J. E. (1969). Brief report: Bartlett's test of sphericity and chance findings in factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0403_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0403_8 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. doi:10.1017/S0140525X05000129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Tremblay, M. a., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation scale: its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4), 213-226. doi:10.1037/a0015167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015167 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Vealey, R. S., Chase, M. A., Block, C., & Cooley, R. (2018). Confidence. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429438851-20

Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Vuga, J., & Juvan, J. (2013). Work-family conflict between two greedy institutions - the family and the military. Current Sociology. doi:10.1177/0011392113498881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113498881 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Whiteside, D. (1993). Training and development. Glass Technology.

Widhiarso, W., & Psikologi, F. (2009). Praktek Model Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Melalui Program Amos. Wahyu Widhiarso | Pelatihan Analisis SEM Melalui AMOS Fakultas Psikologi UGM.

Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386983-8.00010-X CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement. doi:10.1177/0013164413495237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management. Journal of Management. doi:10.1177/014920639201800205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800205 CrossrefGoogle Scholar

Wuensch, K. L. (2015). An Introduction to Path Analysis. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints.