Caught in the Crossfire: How Work-Family Conflict Affects the Lives of Married Nurses in India

Main Article Content

Fatima Riyaz Khateeb
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5743-7161

Abstract

Purpose- This research aimed to examine the nature of the relationship between work and life among married nurses in Jammu and Kashmir, India
Design/Methodology- A questionnaire with measures for work-family conflict, life satisfaction, and family satisfaction was administered. The nodal agency, Government Medical College (GMC), provided the researcher with a list of nurses and their marital statuses. A sample of 253 nurses was analyzed using simple random sampling from a list of potential 527 nurses. These 253 respondents worked at five major government hospitals. In addition to the work-family measures, questions on age, work experience, job grade, and family type were asked
Findings- The results revealed a significant relationship between work and family conflict with both life satisfaction as well as family satisfaction. In both cases, the time-based, and strain-based conflict scored higher than the behavior-based conflict in influencing family and life satisfaction negatively
Practical Implications- The results highlight the need for organizational support for nurses, which can be in the form of flexible work schedules, and other time-saving techniques. Given that nurturing responsibilities are shouldered by women in India not only monetary but non-monetary benefits should be availed to the nurses to alleviate their work-family conflict.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Khateeb, F. R. (2023). Caught in the Crossfire: How Work-Family Conflict Affects the Lives of Married Nurses in India. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 6(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v6i1.886
Research Articles

Copyright (c) 2023 Fatima Riyaz Khateeb

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Aboobaker, N., & Edward, M. (2020). Collective influence of work–family conflict and work–family enrichment on turnover intention: Exploring the moderating effects of individual differences. Global Business Review, 21(5), 1218–1231. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919857015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919857015

Addagabottu, R. S., & Battu, N. (2015). A study on the variables that influence work life balance of women doctors and nurses with special reference to government and private hospitals of guntur district. International Journal of Research in Management & Business Studies, 2(3), 33–39.

Alfonso, V. C., Allison, D. B., Rader, D. E., & Gorman, B. S. (1996). The extended satisfaction with life scale: Development and psychometric properties. Social Indicators Research, 38(3), 275–301. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00292049

Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Saboe, K. N., Cho, E., Dumani, S., & Evans, S. (2012). Dispositional variables and work–family conflict: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.04.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.04.004

Amah, O. E. (2021). Managing the negative effects of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts on family satisfaction of working mothers’ in Nigeria: The role of extended family support. Community, Work & Family, 24(3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1697646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1697646

Asiedu, E. E. A., Annor, F., Amponsah-Tawiah, K., & Dartey-Baah, K. (2018). Juggling family and professional caring: Role demands, work–family conflict and burnout among registered nurses in Ghana. Nursing Open, 5(4), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.178

Boamah, S. A., & Laschinger, H. (2016). The influence of areas of worklife fit and work-life interference on burnout and turnover intentions among new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(2), E164–E174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12318 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12318

Boyar, S. L., Maertz Jr, C. P., & Pearson, A. W. (2005). The effects of work–family conflict and family–work conflict on nonattendance behaviors. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.11.005

Braimoh, T., & Dimarco, M. (2021, May 11). There is a global shortage of nurses. COVID-19 is making it worse.

Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., & Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Work–Family Conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713

Carver, M. D., & Jones, W. H. (1992). The family satisfaction scale. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 20(2), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.71 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1992.20.2.71

Chakraborty, R., Chatterjee, A., & Chaudhury, S. (2012). Internal predictors of burnout in psychiatric nurses: An Indian study. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 21(2), 119. 10.4103/0972-6748.119604 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.119604

Chang, Y.-P., & Schneider, J. K. (2010). Decision-making process of nursing home placement among chinese family caregivers. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46(2), 108–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00246.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00246.x

Dasgupta, P. (2012). Effect of role ambiguity, conflict and overload in private hospitals’ nurses’ burnout and mediation through self efficacy. Journal of Health Management, 14(4), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063412468980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063412468980

De Clercq, D. (2020). “I can’t help at work! My family is driving me crazy!” How family-to-work conflict diminishes change-oriented citizenship behaviors and how key resources disrupt this link. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 56(2), 166–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320910558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886320910558

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276. 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276

Dixit, A. (1991a). Role conflict in nursing profession: A study. The Nursing Journal of India, 82(10), 275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48029/NJI.1991.LXXXII1001

Dixit, A. (1991b). Role conflict in nursing profession–a study (Part II). DOI: https://doi.org/10.48029/NJI.1991.LXXXII1101

Duxbury, L. E., & Higgins, C. A. (1991). Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.60 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.1.60

Eshak, E. S. (2019). Work-to-family conflict rather than family-to-work conflict is more strongly associated with sleep disorders in Upper Egypt. Industrial Health, 57(3), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2018-0091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2018-0091

Farhadi, P., Sharifian, R., Feili, A., & Shokrpour, N. (2013). The effects of supervisors’ supportive role, job stress, and work-family conflicts on the nurses’ attitudes. The Health Care Manager, 32(2), 107–122. 10.1097/HCM.0b013e31828ef5e7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HCM.0b013e31828ef5e7

Fernandes, W. N., & Nirmala, R. (2017). Workplace stress and coping strategies among Indian nurses: Literature review. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-2996.2017.00088.X

Fiksenbaum, L. M. (2013). Burning the candle at both ends: An examination of the antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict.

Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work–family conflict: The dark side of the work–family interface. In Employee health, coping and methodologies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X

Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352

Hatam, N., Jalali, M. T., Askarian, M., & Kharazmi, E. (2016). Relationship between family-work and work-family conflict with organizational commitment and desertion intention among nurses and paramedical staff at hospitals. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 4(2), 107.

Herman, J. B., & Gyllstrom, K. K. (1977). Working Men and Women: Inter-and Intra-Role Conflict∗. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1(4), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1977.tb00558.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1977.tb00558.x

Ishola, A. A., Kenku, A., & Aroyewun, F. T. (2018). Work-family Conflict and Demographic Variables as Co-Variants of Life Satisfaction among Nurses from Selected Healthcare Facilities in the Ibadan Metropolis. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(1), 523–528.

Kar, S., & Suar, D. (2014). Role of burnout in the relationship between job demands and job outcomes among Indian nurses. Vikalpa, 39(4), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920140403

Kara, F. M., & Sarol, H. (2021). Level up the Life‼ Leisure Involvement, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction among University Students. Higher Education Studies, 11(4), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p91 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p91

Kengatharan, N., & Kunatilakam, S. (2020). Work-family conflict among female nurses in the healthcare sector. Int. J. Work Org. Emot, 11, 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2020.10032041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWOE.2020.111315

Khalid, U. (2021). The Impact of Work-Family Conflict on Job and Life Satisfaction for Female Executive MBA Students. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 8(1), 180–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v8i1.437

Khokhar, A. M., & Zia-ur-Rehman, M. (2018). Life and job satisfaction: Do work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict influence? Contemporary Issues In Business & Economics (ICCIBE), 62.

Khursheed, A., Mustafa, F., Arshad, I., & Gill, S. (2019). Work-family conflict among married female professionals in Pakistan. Management Studies and Economic Systems, 4(2), 123–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12816/0052919

Kossek, E. E., & Lee, K.-H. (2017). Work-family conflict and work-life conflict. In Oxford research encyclopedia of business and management. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.52 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.52

Kusumanegara, I. S., Asmony, T., & Numayanti, S. (2018). Work-family conflict on turnover intention regarding work stress as intervening variable. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n2.153 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n2.153

Labrague, L., Ballad, C., & Fronda, D. (2021). Predictors and outcomes of work–family conflict among nurses. International Nursing Review, 68(3), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12642 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12642

Lee, Y. (2018). Identifying latent profiles in work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29(3), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21312

Lembrechts, L., Dekocker, V., Zanoni, P., & Pulignano, V. (2015). A Study Of The Determinants Of Work-To-Family Conflict Among Hospital Nurses In B Elgium. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(7), 898–909. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12233

Lilly, J., Duffy, J. A., & Virick, M. (2006). A gender-sensitive study of McClelland’s needs, stress, and turnover intent with work-family conflict. Women in Management Review, 21, 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420610712045 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09649420610712045

Mazerolle, S. M., Bruening, J. E., Casa, D. J., & Burton, L. J. (2008). Work-family conflict, part II: job and life satisfaction in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA certified athletic trainers. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(5), 513–522 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.513 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.513

Molina, J. A. (2021). The work–family conflict: Evidence from the recent decade and lines of future research. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09700-0

Naami, A., & Mahmoodikia, M. (2019). The relationship of work-family conflict and interpersonal conflict with psychological strain and life satisfaction. Journal of Psychology.

Nadeem, M. S., & Abbas, Q. (2009). The impact of work life conflict on job satisfactions of employees in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(5), 63–83. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n5p63 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v4n5p63

Namayandeh, H., Juhari, R., & Yaacob, S. N. (2011). The effect of job satisfaction and family satisfaction on work-family conflict (W-FC) and family-work conflict (F-WC) among married female nurses in Shiraz-Iran. Asian Social Science, 7(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p88 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v7n2p88

Negi, Y., & Bagga, R. (2015). Burnout among nursing professionals in tertiary care hospitals of Delhi. Journal of Health Management, 17(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063415575802 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063415575802

Pal, S. (2012). A qualitative inquiry into work-family conflict among Indian doctors and nurses. Work, 42(2), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1351

Pal, S., & Saksvik, P. Ø. (2008). Work-family conflict and psychosocial work environment stressors as predictors of job stress in a cross-cultural study. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.1.22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.15.1.22

Poulose, S., & Sudarsan, N. (2017). Assessing the influence of work-life balance dimensions among nurses in the healthcare sector. Journal of Management Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2015-0188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-12-2015-0188

Purohit, B., & Vasava, P. (2017). Role stress among auxiliary nurses midwives in Gujarat, India. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2033-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2033-6

Rajkonwar, B., & Rastogi, M. (2018). The impact of work–family issues on turnover intentions among nurses? A study from North-Eastern India. Journal of Health Management, 20(2), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063418763652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063418763652

Reddy, N. K., Vranda, M., Ahmed, A., Nirmala, B., & Siddaramu, B. (2010). Work-life balance among married women employees. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 32(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.78508 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.78508

Reghunathan, N. (2019). Work-Family Conflict amongst Dual Earner Professional Nurses. Nursing Journal of India, 110(1), 29–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48029/NJI.2019.CX105

Sari, W. P. (2020). Work Family Conflict, Recovery Experience, & Employee’s Weel Being in Working Women (Case Study of Nurses in Inpatient Division at Hospital in Bandung). HOLISTICA–Journal of Business and Public Administration, 11(1), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0011

Sari, W. P., Sari, P. A., & Aktrisa, R. T. (2021). The Impact Work Family Conflict on Performance: The Case of Married Female Nurses. HOLISTICA–Journal of Business and Public Administration, 12(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2021-0002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2021-0002

Sharma, J., Dhar, R. L., & Tyagi, A. (2016). Stress as a mediator between work–family conflict and psychological health among the nursing staff: Moderating role of emotional intelligence. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.01.010

Shin, D. C., & Johnson, D. M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5(1), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352944 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352944

Simon, M., Kümmerling, A., & Hasselhorn, H.-M. (2004). Work-home conflict in the European nursing profession. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 10(4), 384–391. https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.384

Singh, G. P. (2013). Job stress among emergency nursing staff: A preliminary study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 407–408. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120574 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120574

Smita, S. (2009). The Role of Social Support on the Stressors and Satisfaction Outcomes of Work-Family Conflict Among Nurses (PhD Thesis). Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (India).

Soomro, A. A., Breitenecker, R. J., & Shah, S. A. M. (2018). Relation of work-life balance, work-family conflict, and family-work conflict with the employee performance-moderating role of job satisfaction. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 7(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-02-2017-0018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-02-2017-0018

Sultana, A. (2012). A study on stress and work family conflict among married women in their families. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(8), 1319–1325.

Surana, S. J., & Singh, A. K. (2013). The impact of role stressors and work overload on job burnout. International Journal of Intelligent Enterprise, 2(1), 64–83. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIE.2013.057339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIE.2013.057339

Tariq, I., Asad, M. S., Majeed, M. A., & Fahim, U. (2021). Work-Family Conflict, Psychological Empowerment, and Turnover Intentions among Married Female Doctors. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 20(4), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i4.54145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v20i4.54145

Varma, M. M., Kelling, A. S., & Goswami, S. (2016). Enhancing healthcare quality by promoting work-life balance among nursing staff. Journal of Hospital Administration, 5(6), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n6p58 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n6p58

Vernekar, S. P., & Shah, H. (2018). A study of work-related stress among nurses in a tertiary care hospital in Goa. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(2), 657–661. https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180246

Weer, C., & Greenhaus, J. (2014). Work-to-family conflict. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3274 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_3274

Willmott, P. (1971). Family, Work and Leisure Conflicts Among Male Employees: Some Preliminary Findings. Human Relations, 24(6), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872677102400611 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872677102400611

Yildirim, D., & Aycan, Z. (2008). Nurses’ work demands and work–family conflict: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45(9), 1366–1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.10.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.10.010

Yildiz, B., Yildiz, H., & Ayaz Arda, O. (2021). Relationship between work–family conflict and turnover intention in nurses: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(8), 3317–3330. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14846 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14846

Yucel, D. (2017). Work-to-family conflict and life satisfaction: The moderating role of type of employment. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(3), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9477-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9477-4

Zhang, Y., Rasheed, M. I., & Luqman, A. (2019). Work–family conflict and turnover intentions among Chinese nurses: The combined role of job and life satisfaction and perceived supervisor support. Personnel Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2019-0017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2019-0017

Zhao, J., Settles, B. H., & Sheng, X. (2011). Family-to-work conflict: Gender, equity and workplace policies. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 42(5), 723–738. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.42.5.723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.42.5.723

Zhao, X. R., Qu, H., & Ghiselli, R. (2011). Examining the relationship of work–family conflict to job and life satisfaction: A case of hotel sales managers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.04.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.04.010

Zurlo, M. C., Vallone, F., & Smith, A. P. (2020). Work–family conflict and psychophysical health conditions of nurses: Gender differences and moderating variables. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 17(3), e12324. https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12324 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12324