The Relationship between Ownership Structure and Capital Structure Evidence from Chemical Sector of Pakistan
Authors
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective – The main objective of this study is to measure the relationship between ownership structure and capital structure by using the chemical sector of Pakistan.
Design – This study is used the panel data and retrieved from the annual reports of the chemical sector of Pakistan for the time period of 2012 to 2017.
Findings – The finding the statistical analysis shows that ownership structure has a significant positive relationship on capital structure. Which mitigate the agency conflicts among managers and shareholders, because the majority of the shareholders would like to have a higher level of debt over equity financing.
Policy Implications – The findings of this study also can be helpful to the policymakers, investors and financial institution in designing ownership structures and financing decisions for firms.
Originality – This is the first study that examined the relationship between ownership structure and capital structure in the context of the chemical sector of Pakistan.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2019 Sadia Murtaza, Irsa Azam

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abdullah, A. K. (2005). Capital structure and debt maturity: evidence from listed companies in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Business and Economics. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abor, J. (2005). The effect of capital structure on profitability: an empirical analysis of listed firms in Ghana. The journal of risk finance, 6(5), 438-445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/15265940510633505 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Abor, J. (2007). Capital structure and financing of SMEs: empirical evidence from Ghana and South Africa. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University,
Adams, R. B., & Mehran, H. (2003). Board structure, banking firm performance and the bank holding company organizational form. Paper presented at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Proceedings.
Ahmad, I., Saboor, A., & Nouman, M. (2018). Relationship Between Corporate Governance, Management Ownership and Capital Structure: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange. International Journal of Business Studies Review, 4(1), 1-12. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed Sheikh, N., & Wang, Z. (2012). Effects of corporate governance on capital structure: empirical evidence from Pakistan. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 12(5), 629-641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701211275569 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ahsan, T., Man, W., & Qureshi, M. A. (2016). Mean reverting financial leverage: theory and evidence from Pakistan. Applied Economics, 48(5), 379-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1080802 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Arulvel, K., & Ajanthan, A. (2013). Capital structure and financial performance: A study of listed trading companies in Sri Lanka. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 3(6), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2249-7137.3.6.001 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bae, J., Kim, S.-J., & Oh, H. (2017). Taming polysemous signals: The role of marketing intensity on the relationship between financial leverage and firm performance. Review of Financial Economics, 33, 29-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2016.12.002 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bajagai, R. K., Keshari, R. K., Bhetwal, P., Sah, R. S., & Jha, R. N. (2019). Impact of Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance on Capital Structure of Nepalese Listed Companies. In Business Governance and Society (pp. 399-419): Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bany-Ariffin, A., Nor, F. M., & McGowan Jr, C. B. (2010). Pyramidal structure, firm capital structure exploitation and ultimate owners' dominance. International Review of Financial Analysis, 19(3), 151-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2010.03.002 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. F. (1994). Did risk-based capital allocate bank credit and cause a" credit crunch" in the United States? Journal of Money, credit and Banking, 26(3), 585-628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2077994 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bevan, A. A., & Danbolt, J. (2002). Capital structure and its determinants in the UK-a decompositional analysis. Applied Financial Economics, 12(3), 159-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100110090073 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Booth, L., Aivazian, V., Demirguc‐Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2001). Capital structures in developing countries. The journal of finance, 56(1), 87-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00320 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Briones, O., & Chang, M. (2017). Capital Structure Determinants Influence: A Comparative Study. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Academic Conferences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20472/IAC.2017.030.007 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bunkanwanicha, P., Gupta, J., & Rokhim, R. (2008). Debt and entrenchment: Evidence from Thailand and Indonesia. European Journal of Operational Research, 185(3), 1578-1595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.08.025 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Céspedes, J., González, M., & Molina, C. A. (2010). Ownership and capital structure in Latin America. Journal of business research, 63(3), 248-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.03.010 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Miguel, A., & Pindado, J. (2001). Determinants of capital structure: new evidence from Spanish panel data. Journal of corporate finance, 7(1), 77-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1199(00)00020-1 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Donaldson, G. (1961). “Corporate debt capacity: a study of corporate debt policy and the determination of corporate debt capacity”. Graduate School of Business, Harvard University Press, Boston, Mass.
Drobetz, W., Janzen, M., & Requejo, I. (2018). Ownership Concentration, Investment, and Firm Value in the Shipping Industry. published by Hamburg Financial Research Center. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3119072 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Farooq, O. (2015). Effect of ownership concentration on capital structure: evidence from the MENA region. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(1), 99-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-10-2013-0115 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Frank, M. Z., & Goyal, V. K. (2003). Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure. Journal of financial economics, 67(2), 217-248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(02)00252-0 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Friend, I., & Lang, L. H. (1988). An empirical test of the impact of managerial self‐interest on corporate capital structure. The journal of finance, 43(2), 271-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb03938.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gaud, P., Jani, E., Hoesli, M., & Bender, A. (2005). The capital structure of Swiss companies: an empirical analysis using dynamic panel data. European Financial Management, 11(1), 51-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-7798.2005.00275.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ghorbal-Blal, I. (2008). An exploration of the role of the construct of control in expansion strategy of hotel chains: A multiple-case study. (DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Granado‐Peiró, N., & López‐Gracia, J. (2017). Corporate Governance and Capital Structure: A Spanish Study. European Management Review, 14(1), 33-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12088 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Grewatsch, S., & Kleindienst, I. (2017). When does it pay to be good? Moderators and mediators in the corporate sustainability–corporate financial performance relationship: A critical review. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(2), 383-416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2852-5
Haron, R. (2018). FIRM LEVEL, OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AND INDUSTRY LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN AN EMERGING MARKET: INDONESIA EVIDENCE. Asian Academy of Management Journal of Accounting & Finance, 14(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21315/aamjaf2018.14.1.6 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Harris, M., & Raviv, A. (1991). The theory of capital structure. The journal of finance, 46(1), 297-355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1991.tb03753.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Huang, G. (2006). The determinants of capital structure: Evidence from China. China economic review, 17(1), 14-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2005.02.007 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kajananthan, R. (2012). Effect of corporate governance on capital structure: case of the Srilankan listed manufacturing companies. Researchers World, 3(4), 63.
Kayo, E. K., & Kimura, H. (2011). Hierarchical determinants of capital structure. Journal of banking & finance, 35(2), 358-371. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.08.015 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Khawaja, M., Bhatti, I., Ashraf, D., & Henry, D. (2018). The Role of Ownership and Governance Structure in Raising Capital: An International Study. 9th Conference on Financial Markets and Corporate Governance (FMCG) 2018. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3102108 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102108 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, A., & Litzenberger, R. H. (1973). A state‐preference model of optimal financial leverage. The journal of finance, 28(4), 911-922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1973.tb01415.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y., & Singal, M. (2019). Capital structure in the hospitality industry: The role of the asset-light and fee-oriented strategy. Tourism Management, 70, 124-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.004 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liaqat, I., Saddique, S., Bagh, T., Khan, M. A., Naseer, M. M., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Capital Structure as Driving Force of Financial Performance: Case of Energy and Fuel Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting, 7(1), 86-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v7i1.7722 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lipton, M., & Lorsch, J. W. (1992). A modest proposal for improved corporate governance. The business lawyer, 59-77.
Liu, G., & Sun, J. (2010). Ultimate ownership structure and corporate disclosure quality: evidence from China. Managerial Finance, 36(5), 452-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03074351011039409 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Q., Tian, G., & Wang, X. (2011). The effect of ownership structure on leverage decision: new evidence from Chinese listed firms. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 16(2), 254-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2011.564755 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Margaritis, D., & Psillaki, M. (2010). Capital structure, equity ownership and firm performance. Journal of banking & finance, 34(3), 621-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.08.023 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Marobhe, M. I., & es Salaam-Tanzania, D. (2014). The Influence of Capital Structure on the Performance of Manufacturing Companies: Empirical evidence from listed companies in East Africa. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 5(4), 2014.
Mazur, K. (2007). The determinants of capital structure choice: evidence from Polish companies. International Advances in Economic Research, 13(4), 495-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-007-9114-y CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mehran, H. (1992). Executive incentive plans, corporate control, and capital structure. Journal of Financial and Quantitative analysis, 27(4), 539-560. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2331139 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American economic review, 48(3), 261-297.
Muchiri, M. J., Muturi, W. M., & Ngumi, P. M. (2016). Relationship between Financial Structure and Financial Performance of Firms Listed at East Africa Securities Exchanges. Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking.
Mukherjee, S., & Mahakud, J. (2010). Dynamic adjustment towards target capital structure: evidence from Indian companies. Journal of Advances in Management Research, 7(2), 250-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09727981011085020 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C. (1977). Determinants of corporate borrowing. Journal of financial economics, 5(2), 147-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(77)90015-0 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C. (1984). The capital structure puzzle. The journal of finance, 39(3), 574-592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03646.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of financial economics, 13(2), 187-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0
Nawaz, T., & Haniffa, R. (2017). Determinants of financial performance of Islamic banks: An intellectual capital perspective. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 8(2), 130-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-06-2016-0071 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ofek, E., & Yermack, D. (1997). Taking stock: does equity-based compensation increase managers' ownership? New York University, Center for Law and Business, Working Paper No. 98-014. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=8441 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.8441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.8441 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ozkan, A. (2001). Determinants of capital structure and adjustment to long run target: evidence from UK company panel data. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 28(1‐2), 175-198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5957.00370 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Paramanantham, N. S., Ting, I. W. K., & Kweh, Q. L. (2018). Ownership Concentration and Debt Structure: Evidence from Top 100 PLCs in Malaysia. Institutions and Economies.Available at: <https://ijie.um.edu.my/article/view/11946>.
Pindado, J., & de La Torre, C. (2011). Capital structure: new evidence from the ownership structure. International Review of Finance, 11(2), 213-226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2443.2010.01115.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1995). What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence from international data. The journal of finance, 50(5), 1421-1460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rajput, B., & Chawla, V. (2019). Theoretical Review of Capital Structure and Its Determinants. Paper presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference" Innovative ideas of modern youth in science and education".
Ramadan, I. Z. (2013). Debt-performance relation. Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 323-331.
Riaz, S. (2015). Impact of Capital Structure on Firm’s Financial Performance: An
Analysis of Chemical Sector of Pakistan. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2422-846X An International Peer-reviewed Journal, Vol.12, 10.
Saad, N. M. (2010). Corporate governance compliance and the effects to capital structure in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2(1), 105-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v2n1p105 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sadeghian, N. S., Latifi, M. M., Soroush, S., & Aghabagher, Z. T. (2012). Debt policy and corporate performance: empirical evidence from Tehran Stock Exchange companies. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(11), 217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n11p217
Salehi, M., Lotfi, A., & Farhangdoust, S. (2017). The effect of financial distress costs on ownership structure and debt policy: An application of simultaneous equations in Iran. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1216-1229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2017-0029
Salim, M., & Yadav, R. (2012). Capital structure and firm performance: Evidence from Malaysian listed companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 156-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.105 CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Santarelli, E., & Tran, H. T. (2018). The interaction of institutional quality and human capital in shaping the dynamics of capital structure in Viet Nam. Working Papers, World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), United Nations University.
Santos, M. S., Moreira, A. C., & Vieira, E. S. (2014). Ownership concentration, contestability, family firms, and capital structure. Journal of Management & Governance, 18(4), 1063-1107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-013-9272-7
Saona, P., San Martín, P., & Jara, M. (2018). Group Affiliation and Ownership Concentration as Determinants of Capital Structure Decisions: Contextualizing the Facts for an Emerging Economy. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1392850
Shah, A., & Khan, S. (2007). Determinants of capital structure: Evidence from Pakistani panel data. International Review of Business Research.
Shah, M. H., Zuoping, X., Abdullah, & Shah, M. K. (2018). The Effect of a Complex Ownership Structure and Judicial Efficiency on Leverage: Evidence from Pakistani Listed Companies. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade(just-accepted). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2018.1469404
Simerly, R. L., & Li, M. (2000). Environmental dynamism, capital structure and performance: a theoretical integration and an empirical test. Strategic management journal, 31-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200001)21:1<31::AID-SMJ76>3.0.CO;2-T
Su, K., & Li, P. (2013). The effects of ultimate controlling shareholders on debt maturity structure. Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(2), 553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i2.7656
Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. The journal of finance, 43(1), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02585.x
Tsuruta, D. (2017). Variance of Firm Performance and Leverage of Small Businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(3), 404-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12243
Turan, G., & Hasanaj, S. (2014). Determinants of capital structure: evidence from banking sector in Albania. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(13), 482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n13p482
Vătavu, S. (2015). The impact of capital structure on financial performance in Romanian listed companies. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, 1314-1322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01508-7
Vieira, E. S. (2017). Debt policy and firm performance of family firms: the impact of economic adversity. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 13(3), 267-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-03-2016-0062
Vithessonthi, C., & Tongurai, J. (2015). The effect of firm size on the leverage–performance relationship during the financial crisis of 2007–2009. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 29, 1-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2014.11.001
Voulgaris, F., Asteriou, D., & Agiomirgianakis, G. (2004). Size and determinants of capital structure in the Greek manufacturing sector. International Review of Applied Economics, 18(2), 247-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269217042000186714
Wald, J. K. (1999). How firm characteristics affect capital structure: an international comparison. Journal of Financial Research, 22(2), 161-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6803.1999.tb00721.x
Weill, L. (2008). Leverage and corporate performance: does institutional environment matter? Small Business Economics, 30(3), 251-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-006-9045-7
Wiwattanakantang, Y. (1999). An empirical study on the determinants of the capital structure of Thai firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 7(3-4), 371-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-538X(99)00007-4
Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory Econometrics: A modern approach: Nelson Education.
Xinyuan, Z., Nan, B., & Yufei, Z. (2017). Ownership Concentration, Financial Leverage and Inefficient Investment-evidence from Chinese A-share Market. Applied Finance and Accounting, 3(2), 70-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11114/afa.v3i2.2478
Zeitun, R., & Tian, G. (2014). Capital structure and corporate performance: evidence from Jordan. Australasian Accounting Business & Finance Journal, Forthcoming. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2496174