The Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance between Motivation and Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Emotional Intelligence of Mystery Shopping Professionals

Main Article Content

Dr. Anand Shankar Raja Manivannan
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1350-290X

Abstract

Purpose- Enhancing job satisfaction through motivation and Work-Life Balance (WLB) and checking the overall impact on Emotional Intelligence of mystery shopping professionals is the aim of this research. The work depends on factors such as sudden demand, high workload, on-time submission of assignments, a new area for exploration and fluctuation in pay scale.


Design- The data were collected from mystery shopping professionals through social media platform using a questionnaire link (N=338). The sampling technique employed in this study was a convenient sampling technique. CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) using AMOS software was performed. The questionnaire instrument SSREI, GJSS, WEIMS and (Tasdelen’s WLB) were adopted for this study.


Findings- The study revealed that motivation has a positive impact on Work-life balance and intern enhances the job satisfaction of mystery shoppers. However, the overall impact on EI is negative. The Goodness of Fit Index such as (AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, RMSEA, RMR, and AVE) indicates a good fit of the Structural Equation Model.


Originality/Value: The study reflected on the four essential concepts, which has evolved in the domain of HRM and OB for many years. In the context of mystery-shopping professional, it has been used and the recommendations will help the market research agencies and the mystery shoppers. Exploring Work-Life Balance (WLB) as a mediating variable between motivation and Job satisfaction and the overall impact on EI of mystery shopping professionals is a new insight.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

Manivannan, A. S. R. . (2019). The Mediating Effect of Work-Life Balance between Motivation and Job Satisfaction and Its Impact on Emotional Intelligence of Mystery Shopping Professionals. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(4), 14-34. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i4.160
Research Articles

Copyright (c) 2019 Dr. Anand Shankar Raja Manivannan

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Adil, M. S., & Ab Hamid, K. B. (2019). The Relationships between Leader Creativity Expectations, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creative Performance. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(2), 58-68. doi:10.33215/sjom.v2i2.123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i2.123

Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505

Albertsen, K., Rafnsdóttir, G. L., Grimsmo, A., Tómasson, K., & Kauppinen, K. (2008). Workhours and worklife balance. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Supplement.

Allison, P. B. (2009). Mystery shopper motivations and the presence of motivation crowding. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.

Anand Shankar Raja, M., & Preethi Sarah, J. P. (2018). Social media marketing and ghost shopping approach; a new business tool. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(1).

Anand, S. R. M., & Anand, R. B. (2018). Influence of Demographic Constructs on Motivation and Job Satisfaction among Mystery Shoppers. International Journal of Management Studies. doi:10.18843/ijms/v5i3(3)/02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i3(3)/02

Anari, N. N. (2012). Teachers: Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Journal of Workplace Learning. doi:10.1108/13665621211223379 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621211223379

Angayarkanni, R., & Anand Shankar Raja, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence an essential cause for mystery shoppers. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 35(2).

Angayarkanni, R., & Anand Shankar Raja, M. (2016). A study on the logical relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and motivation among mystery shoppers: A pilot study analysis. International Business Management, 10(6). doi:10.3923/ibm.2016.818.826

Angerer, J. M. (2003). Job burnout. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2003.tb00860.x

Bacon, L. D. (1997). Using Amos for structural equation modeling in market research.

Banu, A. R., & Duraipandian, K. (2014). DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE WORK LIFE BALANCE OF IT PROFESSIONALS IN CHENNAI. International Journal of Management.

Barnett, V., Neter, J., & Wasserman, W. (2006). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). doi:10.2307/2984653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2984653

Baruch, Y. (2006). Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints. Human Resource Management Review. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.03.002

Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2002). Self-confidence and personal motivation. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193913

Bentler, P. M., & Weeks, D. G. (1980). Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika. doi:10.1007/BF02293905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293905

Berman, E. L. (2002). Work/life balance. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/EMR.2002.1167291

Blunch, N. J. (2017). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. In.

Boker, S. M., & McArdle, J. J. (2014). Path Analysis and Path Diagrams. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat06517

Bollen, K. A. (2002). Latent Variables in Psychology and the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135239 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135239

Bollen, K. A., Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2008). Structural Equation Models. In.

Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, second edition. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203805534

Calvert, P. (2005). It's a mystery. Mystery shopping in New Zealand's public libraries. Library Review. doi:10.1108/00242530510574138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00242530510574138

Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5

Crawford, L. (1949). Hypothesis. Educational Forum. doi:10.1080/00131724909341985 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131724909341985

Crompton, R., & Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life 'balance' in Europe. Acta Sociologica. doi:10.1177/0001699306071680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699306071680

Cronbach, L. J. (1951). About Alpha of Cronbach. Psychometrika.

Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The Robustness of Test Statistics to Nonnormality and Specification Error in Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16-29. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Self-Determination Theory. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.26036-4

Delgado-Rodríguez, M., & Sillero-Arenas, M. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina Intensiva. doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2017.10.003

Dillon, W. R., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (2006). Testing Structural Equation Models. Journal of Marketing Research. doi:10.2307/3152134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3152134

Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin. doi:10.1037/h0036316 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316

Ford, R. C., Latham, G. P., & Lennox, G. (2011). Mystery shoppers: A new tool for coaching employee performance improvement. Organizational Dynamics. doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2011.04.002

Fox, N. A., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). The development of self-control of emotion: Intrinsic and extrinsic influences. In.

Fullagar, C. J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009). 'Flow' at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. doi:10.1348/096317908X357903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X357903

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior. doi:10.1002/job.322 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322

Gignac, G. E., Palmer, B. R., Manocha, R., & Stough, C. (2005). An examination of the factor structure of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence (SSREI) scale via confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(6), 1029-1042. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.014

Golden, R. M. (2015). Statistical Pattern Recognition. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.43093-X

Goldstein, D. S., & Kopin, I. J. (2007). Evolution of concepts of stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890701288935

Gong, X., & Paulson, S. E. (2018). Validation of the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Scale With American College Students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. doi:10.1177/0734282916669245 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916669245

Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00042-8

Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work-life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010

Harrison, F. (2011). Getting started with meta-analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. doi:10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00056.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00056.x

Hebebrand, J. (2010). New functions for multivariate analysis. Obesity facts. doi:10.1159/000323281 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000323281

Helvaci, M. A. (2017). THE WORK-LIFE BALANCE OF ACADEMICS. 7(4), 80-85.

Hoelter, J. W. (1983). The Analysis of Covariance Structures: Goodness-of-Fit Indices. Sociological Methods & Research. doi:10.1177/0049124183011003003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124183011003003

Ibm (2019). [KMO and Bartlett's Test].

Ibrahim, N. K., Algethmi, W. A., Binshihon, S. M., Almahyawi, R. A., Alahmadi, R. F., & Baabdullah, M. Y. (2017). Predictors and correlations of emotional intelligence among medical students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. doi:10.12669/pjms.335.13157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.335.13157

Ioannidou, F. (2008). Empathy and emotional intelligence: What is it really about? International Journal of Caring Sciences.

Isabel Izquierdo, J. O., & Francisco José, A. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395-400. doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.349

Kaiser, M. O. (1974). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure for identity correlation matrix. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.

Keeton, K., Fenner, D. E., Johnson, T. R. B., & Hayward, R. A. (2007). Predictors of physician career satisfaction, work-life balance, and burnout. Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000258299.45979.37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000258299.45979.37

Keith, T. Z., & Keith, T. Z. (2019). Path Analysis. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162348-13

Kim, D. H., Wang, C., & Ng, K. M. (2010). A rasch rating scale modeling of the schutte self-report emotional intelligence scale in a sample of international students. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191110376593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191110376593

Kirk, B. A., Schutte, N. S., & Hine, D. W. (2008). Development and preliminary validation of an emotional self-efficacy scale. Personality and Individual Differences. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.010

Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V., & Stillwell, D. (2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences. American Psychologies. doi:10.1037/a0039210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039210

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement. doi:10.1177/001316447003000308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308

Krohne, H. W. (2004). Stress and Coping Theories. In.

Latham, G. P., Ford, R. C., & Tzabbar, D. (2012). Enhancing employee and organizational performance through coaching based on mystery shopper feedback: A quasi-experimental study. Human Resource Management. doi:10.1002/hrm.21467 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21467

Lowe, P. (1997). Mystery shoppers [3]. In.

MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.84

Macdonald, S., & Maclntyre, P. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly. doi:10.1300/J022v13n02_01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J022v13n02_01

Malhotra, N. K., & Birks, D. F. (2006). Marketing Research: An Applied Approach.

Malik, M., Wan, D., Dar, L., Akbar, A., & Naseem, M. A. (2014). The role of work life balance in job satisfaction and job benefit. Journal of Applied Business Research. doi:10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i6.8879

Markus, K. A. (2012). Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal. doi:10.1080/10705511.2012.713284 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2012.713284

Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-Fit Indexes in Confirmatory Factor Analysis: The Effect of Sample Size. Psychological Bulletin. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.391

Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job urnout. Annual Review of Psycholoy. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397

Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. In.

Meadows, J. (2017). Stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315413532-6

Mosch, A., & Fürderer, K. (2012). Mystery Shopping. BankFachklasse inklusive Online Prüfungstraining. doi:10.1365/s35139-011-0067-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1365/s35139-011-0067-4

Naderi, B., Wechsung, I., Polzehl, T., & Möller, S. (2014, 2014). Development and Validation of Extrinsic Motivation Scale for Crowdsourcing Micro-task Platforms. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2660114.2660122

Nelson, J. W., Hozak, M. A., Albu, A., & Thiel, L. (2015). Nurse Job Satisfaction Research: A Literature Review, 2006–2011. Virginia Henderson Global Nursing e-Repository, 2006-2011.

Nimon, K. F., & Oswald, F. L. (2013). Understanding the Results of Multiple Linear Regression: Beyond Standardized Regression Coefficients. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428113493929

Pamela, A., Severt, D., & Dickson, D. (2010). A conceptual model for mystery shopping motivations. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management. doi:10.1080/19368623.2010.493077 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2010.493077

Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.2.115

Program, M. S. (2017). Designing a ‘ Smarter ’ Mystery Shopping Program. (June).

Reiss, S. (2012). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628312437704

Reynaldo, J., & Santos, A. (1999). Cronbach's Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales. Extension Information Technology.

Rife, S. C., Cate, K. L., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D. (2016). Participant recruitment and data collection through Facebook: the role of personality factors. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. doi:10.1080/13645579.2014.957069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2014.957069

Ritchie, J., & Spencer, L. (2010). Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. In.

Ross, J. (2017). You and me: Investigating the role of self-evaluative emotion in preschool prosociality. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.001

Ruth Eikhof, D. (2007). Introduction: What work? What life? What balance? Employee Relations. doi:10.1108/er.2007.01929daa.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/er.2007.01929daa.001

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020

Sa-nga-ngam, P., & Kurniawan, S. (2006). An investigation into older people's browsing activities. PsychNology Journal, 4(3), 245-265.

Sakaluk, J. K., & Short, S. D. (2017). A Methodological Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Sexuality Research: Used Practices, Best Practices, and Data Analysis Resources. Journal of Sex Research, 54(1), 1-9. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538

Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00381.x

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572

Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., . . . Schreiber, J. B. (2013). Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review. 0671(June), 1-15. doi:10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338

Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167-177. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4

Shaffer, J. (2002). Multiple Hypothesis Testing. Annual Review of Psychology. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.46.1.561 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.46.1.561

Shmueli, G. (2009). To Explain or To Predict? Retrieved from DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1351252

Skourdi, S., Rahimi, A., & Bagheri, M. S. (2014). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence, and Vocabulary Knowledge among Iranian EFL Learners. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.607 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.607

Sliter, M., & Yuan, Z. (2015). Workplace Stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22041-2

Smith, K. T. (2010). Work-life balance perspectives of marketing professionals in generation y. Services Marketing Quarterly. doi:10.1080/15332969.2010.510724 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332969.2010.510724

Steers, R. M., Nardon, L., Sanchez-Runde, C. J., Steers, R. M., Nardon, L., & Sanchez-Runde, C. J. (2013). Managing a global workforce.

Stringer, C., Didham, J., & Theivananthampillai, P. (2011). Motivation, pay satisfaction, and job satisfaction of front-line employees. Qualitative Research in Accounting and Management. doi:10.1108/11766091111137564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111137564

Sturges, J., & Guest, D. (2004). Work / life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal.

Suhr, D. D., & Ph, D. (1999). Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis ? Statistics and Data Analysis, 1-17. doi:10.1002/da.20406 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20406

Sullivan, T. A. (2014). Greedy institutions, overwork, and work-life balance. Sociological Inquiry. doi:10.1111/soin.12029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12029

Sy, T., Tram, S., & O'Hara, L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.003

Symonds, M. L., & Russell, W. (2018). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation of Small College Sports Officials. Journal of Sport Behavior.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics.

Taherdoost, H., Shamsul, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis: Concepts and theory. Advances in Applied and Pure Mathematics, 375-382. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Taşdelen-Karçkay, A., & Bakalım, O. (2017). The mediating effect of work–life balance on the relationship between work–family conflict and life satisfaction. Australian Journal of Career Development, 26(1), 3-13. doi:10.1177/1038416216682954 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416216682954

Tobias, S., & Carlson, J. E. (1969). Brief report: Bartlett's test of sphericity and chance findings in factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0403_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0403_8

Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. doi:10.1017/S0140525X05000129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129

Tremblay, M. a., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009). Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation scale: its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(4), 213-226. doi:10.1037/a0015167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015167

Vealey, R. S., Chase, M. A., Block, C., & Cooley, R. (2018). Confidence. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429438851-20

Vischer, J. C. (2007). The effects of the physical environment on job performance: Towards a theoretical model of workspace stress. In. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1134

Vuga, J., & Juvan, J. (2013). Work-family conflict between two greedy institutions - the family and the military. Current Sociology. doi:10.1177/0011392113498881 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113498881

Whiteside, D. (1993). Training and development. Glass Technology.

Widhiarso, W., & Psikologi, F. (2009). Praktek Model Persamaan Struktural (SEM) Melalui Program Amos. Wahyu Widhiarso | Pelatihan Analisis SEM Melalui AMOS Fakultas Psikologi UGM.

Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Introduction to Robust Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386983-8.00010-X

Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013). Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety. Educational and Psychological Measurement. doi:10.1177/0013164413495237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413495237

Wright, P. M., & McMahan, G. C. (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management. Journal of Management. doi:10.1177/014920639201800205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639201800205

Wuensch, K. L. (2015). An Introduction to Path Analysis. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints.